Phonology involves two studies: the study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds, a discipline known as ‘phonetics’, and the study of the sounds and sound patterns of a specific language, a discipline known as ‘phonemics’. PHONETICS When we speak we produce a stream of sound, which is extremely difficult to examine because…
An Introduction to English Phonology is mainly compailed from some sources and refereces of English Phonology to provide basic information about the analysis and description of languages and about the ways in which human beings produce their languages to communicate with one another. That is what An Introduction to English Phonology about, and how it should be defined. An Introduction to…
Note to the ReaderStart to Learn Linguistics is mainly taken from Todd, Loreto. 1987. An Introduction to Linguistics. York Press and it is also compiled from some linguistics sources to provide basic information about the analysis and description of languages and about the ways in which human beings use their languages to communicate with one…
Bickford, J. Albert. 1998. Tools for Analyzing the World’s Languages Morphology and Syntax. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. Deterding, David. H AND Poedjosoedarmo, Gloria. R. 1998. The Sounds of English. Prentice Hall. Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. Fromkin, Victoria., Rodman, Roert and Hyam, Nina. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Heinly, a part of Thomson Corporation. Gatherer, W.A. 1986….
BRANCHES OF LINGUISTICS Linguists are interested in all the languages of the world and in all the varieties that are found, the standard and the non-standard, the prestigious and the stigmatized. They recognize that languages cannot exist in any full sense without people and they are fully aware that, as a discipline, linguistics is still…
SEMANTICS SEMANTICS refers to meaning and meaning is so intangible that one group of linguists, the structuralists, preferred not to deal with it or rely on it all. To illustrate what we mean by the intangible quality of ‘meaning’, think of such words as ‘beauty’, ‘goodness’, ‘love’; it would be hard to find two people…
Syntax o The word syntax is derived from a Greek word meaning ‘arrangement’. It studies the ways in which words are arranged together in order to make larger units. o The sentence is normally taken as the largest unit amenable to useful linguistic analysis. o The main emphasis of this study will be on the level of language…
LEXICOLOGY LEXICOLOGY is the study of words and, whereas many readers will be new to the study of sounds or word segments, most of us feel that we are very familiar with words, when we think of language we tend to think about words. Indeed, when we think of language we tend to think about…
MORPHOLOGY PHONOLOGY has been described as the study of speech sounds and their patterns. It is a study based on the ‘phoneme’ or smallest significant unit of speech. Morphology is the study of morphemes, which are the smallest significant units or grammar. This definition becomes more comprehensible if you look at some examples. If you…
THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH In the previous chapter, phonology has two aspects. We have dealt in general terms with the production, transmission and reception of sounds and we shall now turn our attention to the sound patterns in English. Since Standard English has no official pronunciation, we find considerable variation throughout the world: an American…