An Introduction to English Teaching Techniques – from Theory to Practice is compiled from the several sources of the greatest teaching techniques and methods of language teaching books written by the outstanding authors. This book is prepared for those who want to learn the Teaching English as Foreign Language (TEFL) and who are concerned with developing…
Bickford, J. Albert. 1998. Tools for Analyzing the World’s Languages Morphology and Syntax. Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc. Fromkin, Victoria., Rodman, Roert and Hyam, Nina. 2003. An Introduction to Language. Heinly, a part of Thomson Corporation. Gatherer, W.A. 1986. The Student’s Handbook of Modern English. PT Gramedia, Jakarta. Haden Elgin, Suzette. 1979. What is Linguistics? Prentice Hall, Inc. London. Richards, Jack.,…
11.1 Questions and Commands QUESTIONS are normally used to request information and COMMANDS are normally used to influence the behavior of others 11.2 Form and function Form of a sentence is related with its grammatical structure and function of a sentence is related with what people use it for. It is not true that questions…
10.1 Transitive of Clauses Clauses that do not contain any objects are called INTRANSITIVE. o The man went. o A woman arrived. o The big dog sat. o The one little cat arose. Clauses which contain a direct object are called TRANSITIVE o The man ate the food o The man squared a long log. o A woman drew out water. o The…
Formal versus informal grammars o A formal grammar is a scientific model of a language which describes what is and is not a grammatical (well-formed) sentence. It attempts to represent what a speaker of the language knows about its structure; this knowledge knows about its structure; this knowledge also called a GRAMMAR. o A formal grammar is…
8.1. Embedding (review) Embedding phrase states that several different types of phrases are embedded inside NP. In particular, both a PP and an NP (the possessor) can be embedded inside NP. 8.2 Embedded clauses The following sentences exemplify…
1. 1. Mood v Mood is a grammatical category used in many languages to indicate something about the relationship of a sentence’s meaning to the fact of the real world (or some imaginary world). v A mood that is used primarily in statements (to communicate information about the world) is called INDICATIVE MOOD. v A…
Noun phrase structure in English v In this chapter, we turn clause structure to noun phrase structure. we especially want to explore EMBEDDING, a principle underlying phrase structure in all languages. We start by looking at noun phrase structure in English, which illustrates embedding well. (1) NP —- (D) (A) N ü This rule will…
5.1 Obliques v Obliques are any of the phrases within a clause other than the subject, direct object, direct object, indirect object, or verb. v Obliques usually express a wider range of meanings than do subjects and objects. Some express secondary characters. (1) BENEFACTIVE He opened the door[for the small children]. Many nations…
4.1 Nonactive complements v Up this point, we have considered clauses that consist of a subject, a verb, and various types of complements. Depending on the verb, there may be a direct object, an indirect object, or an oblique complement. In addition, there may be adjuncts, phrases that are fully optional with any verb. This…